一切電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)裝置如洗衣機、冰箱(xiang)、空(kong)調、計算機、儀器(qi)、儀表(biao)、汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)等(deng)都(dou)是形(xing)形(xing)色(se)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de),不同(tong)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路組(zu)成。根據(ju)張飛第三大定律組(zu)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本單位(wei)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian),這些(xie)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)都(dou)是以硬(ying)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式存在的(de)(de)(de)(de),它們都(dou)有各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參(can)數,如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流及功率特(te)性(xing)等(deng),因(yin)此,元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)是最(zui)易損壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物品,但其故障卻(que)是有規律可(ke)循的(de)(de)(de)(de)。一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障表(biao)現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參(can)數損壞(huai)和物理損壞(huai)兩類,那么電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai)又包含(han)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)過額定值(zhi)(zhi)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai),物理的(de)(de)(de)(de)損壞(huai)包括(kuo)斷裂,變形(xing),阻值(zhi)(zhi)參(can)數變化等(deng)表(biao)現形(xing)式。
一(yi)、電阻損壞的(de)特點
電阻(zu)(zu)是(shi)電器(qi)設備中數(shu)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)多的元(yuan)件,但不是(shi)損(sun)壞(huai)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)高的元(yuan)件。電阻(zu)(zu)損(sun)壞(huai)以(yi)開(kai)路最(zui)(zui)常(chang)見(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值變(bian)大較少見(jian),阻(zu)(zu)值變(bian)小十分少見(jian)。常(chang)見(jian)的有碳膜電阻(zu)(zu)、金(jin)屬(shu)膜電阻(zu)(zu)、線繞電阻(zu)(zu)和保險電阻(zu)(zu)幾(ji)種。
前兩(liang)種電阻應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣(guang),其(qi)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)的特點:一是(shi)低阻值(100Ω以下)和高阻值(100kΩ以上)的損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)率較高,中(zhong)間阻值(如(ru)幾(ji)百(bai)歐到幾(ji)十千歐)的極少(shao)損(sun)壞(huai)(huai);二是(shi)低阻值電阻損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)時往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)燒焦(jiao)發黑,很(hen)容易發現,而高阻值電阻損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)時很(hen)少(shao)有痕跡。
線(xian)繞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)一(yi)般用作大電(dian)(dian)流限(xian)流,阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值不(bu)大。圓柱(zhu)形線(xian)繞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)燒(shao)壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)會發黑(hei)或表面爆皮(pi)、裂(lie)紋,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)痕跡。水泥電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)是線(xian)繞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種,燒(shao)壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)能會斷裂(lie),否則也(ye)沒有(you)可(ke)(ke)見(jian)痕跡。保險(xian)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)燒(shao)壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)表面會炸(zha)掉一(yi)塊皮(pi),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)也(ye)沒有(you)什么痕跡,但絕不(bu)會燒(shao)焦發黑(hei)。根據以(yi)上特(te)點,在檢查電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)有(you)所側重,快速找出損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。
二、電解電容損壞的(de)特點
電解電容(rong)在電器設備(bei)中(zhong)的用(yong)量很大(da),故障率很高(gao)。電解電容(rong)損壞有以(yi)下(xia)幾(ji)種表現:
一(yi)是完全失去(qu)容(rong)量(liang)或容(rong)量(liang)變小(xiao);
二是輕微或嚴重漏電(dian);
三是失去容量(liang)或容量(liang)變小兼有漏電。
查找損壞(huai)的電(dian)解電(dian)容方(fang)法有:
(1)看:有(you)的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)損壞(huai)時會(hui)漏液,電(dian)容(rong)(rong)下面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)路板表(biao)面(mian)甚至電(dian)容(rong)(rong)外表(biao)都(dou)會(hui)有(you)一(yi)層油漬,這種電(dian)容(rong)(rong)絕對(dui)不能(neng)再用(yong);有(you)的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)損壞(huai)后會(hui)鼓起,這種電(dian)容(rong)(rong)也不能(neng)繼續使用(yong);
(2)摸(mo):開機后有些漏電(dian)嚴重的電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容會發熱,用手指觸摸(mo)時甚至(zhi)會燙手,這種電(dian)容必須更換;
(3)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)內部有電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye),長(chang)時間烘烤會(hui)使(shi)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)變干,導致電(dian)容(rong)量減小(xiao),所以要重點檢查(cha)散熱片(pian)及大(da)功(gong)率元器件附近的電(dian)容(rong),離其越近,損壞的可能性(xing)就越大(da)。
三(san)、二極管、三(san)極管等(deng)半導(dao)體器件損壞(huai)的特(te)點(dian)
三極管的損(sun)壞(huai)一般是PN結擊穿或開路,其中以(yi)擊穿短路居多。此外還有兩種損(sun)壞(huai)表現:
一(yi)是熱穩定性變差,表(biao)現為開機時(shi)正常,工作(zuo)一(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)后,發生(sheng)軟擊穿;
另一種是PN結的特性變差,用萬(wan)用表R×1k測,各PN結均正(zheng)常,但上(shang)機后不能正(zheng)常工作,如果用R×10或R×1低量程檔測,就會發現其PN結正(zheng)向阻值比正(zheng)常值大。
測量二(er)、三極管可(ke)以用(yong)指針萬用(yong)表在路測量,較準確的方法是(shi):
將萬(wan)用表(biao)(biao)置(zhi)R×10或R×1檔(dang)(一般用R×10檔(dang),不(bu)(bu)明顯時再用R×1檔(dang))在路(lu)測(ce)二、三極管的PN結(jie)正(zheng)、反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,如果正(zheng)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻不(bu)(bu)太大(相對正(zheng)常值),反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻足夠(gou)大(相對正(zheng)向(xiang)值),表(biao)(biao)明該PN結(jie)正(zheng)常,反之就值得懷疑(yi),需(xu)焊下后(hou)再測(ce)。這是因(yin)為一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的二、三極管外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻大多在幾(ji)百、幾(ji)千歐以(yi)上,用萬(wan)用表(biao)(biao)低阻值檔(dang)在路(lu)測(ce)量,可以(yi)基本忽略外圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻對PN結(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的影響(xiang)。
四、集成電路損壞的特點(dian)
集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構復(fu)雜,功能(neng)很多(duo),任何一部(bu)(bu)分損(sun)壞(huai)都無法正常(chang)(chang)工作(zuo)。集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)的(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai)也有兩種:徹底損(sun)壞(huai)、熱穩定(ding)性不良。徹底損(sun)壞(huai)時,可(ke)將其拆下,與正常(chang)(chang)同型號集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)對(dui)(dui)比(bi)測其每一引腳對(dui)(dui)地的(de)(de)正、反向(xiang)電阻(zu),總能(neng)找(zhao)到其中一只或幾只引腳阻(zu)值異常(chang)(chang)。對(dui)(dui)熱穩定(ding)性差的(de)(de),可(ke)以在設備工作(zuo)時,用無水酒精冷(leng)卻(que)被懷疑的(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu),如果故障發生(sheng)時間推遲或不再發生(sheng)故障,即可(ke)判定(ding)。通常(chang)(chang)只能(neng)更換新(xin)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)來排除。
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